Oт Византии дo Кордовского Халифата и Османскoй империи - Нурлан Аманович Наматов
540
Bausani A., “Hurūfiyya”, EI2.
541
Franz Babinger, “Nesīmī”, EI2.
542
Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, Hurûfilik Metinleri Kataloğu, Ankara: TTK, 1989, p. 28; “BektaşilikHurufilik ve Fadl Allāh’ın Öldürülmesine Düşülen Üç Tarih”, Şarkiyat Mecmuası, V, 1964, pp. 19–20. A. Bausani says Ali al-A’la, the foremost khalifa of Fazlullah, was primarily responsible for Hurufi propaganda in Anatolia, where he appears as early as 1400. (See his article “Hurūfiyya” in EI2.) Gölpınarlı rejects this idea saying no contemporary sources, except Hāce Ishāk (d. 1892–1893), mention his visit in Anatolia. Hamid Algar, however, criticizes Gölpınarlı’s assessment putting stress the role of Ali alA’la while questioning the contact of Nesimi with Turkish population of Anatolia and Balkans. See Hamid Algar, “The Hurufi influence on Bektashism”, Bektachiyya: Etudes sur l'ordre mystique des Bektachis et les groupes relevant de Hadji Bektach, ed. Alexandre Popovic-Giles Veinstein, Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1996, pp. 44–48.
543
This work is partly abridged translation of Fadlullah’s Javidan-nāme, partly original. See Ömer Faruk Akün, “Firishte-oghlu”, EI2.
544
Also consider Irène Mélikoff, “La divinisation de l’Ali chez les Bektachis-Alevis”, in her Au banquet des quarante. Exploration au coeur du Bektachisme-Alevisme, Istanbul: ISIS Press, 2001, pp. 104–109; “Fazlullah d’Astarabad et l’essor du Hurufisme en Azerbaydjan, en Anatolie et en Roumélie”, in her Sur les traces du soufisme turc. Recherches sur l’Islam populaire en Anatolie, Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1992, pp. 170–172.
545
Irène Mélikoff, “Le problème Bektaşi-Alevi: Quelaues dernières considérations”, in her Au banquet des quarante. Exploration au coeur du Bektachisme-Alevisme, Istanbul: ISIS Press, 2001, pp. 69–71.
546
Fahruddin-i Acemî is reported to have been responsible for this execution. See Algar, “The Hurufi influence on Bektashism”, p. 45; Gölpınarlı, Hurûfilik Metinleri Kataloğu, pp. 28–29; Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time, trs. Ralph Manheim, Princeton, 1978, pp. 34–35.
547
See Algar, “The Hurufi influence on Bektashism”, p. 49; Gölpınarlı, Hurûfilik Metinleri Kataloğu, pp. 25–30; Mélikoff, “La divinisation de l’Ali chez les Bektachis-Alevis”, pp. 108–111. Gölpınarlı notes that in the Ottoman literature and documents Hurufis were called ‘Işık’. Gölpınarlı also notes, however, that Hurufis were not sincere Bektashis and did not venerate Hacı Bektaş by heart. Rather they simply pretended to be Bektashi in order to get shelter, while continuing to worship Fazlullah secretly. See ibid, pp. 32–33. According to Mélikoff, among the seven grand poets (ozan) of Alevi-Bektashis: Nesimî, Hatayî, Fuzulî, Pir Sultan Abdal, Kul Himmet, Yeminî, and Viranî, there were three Hurufis, namely Nesimî, Yeminî, and Viranî. See Irène Mélikoff, “Fazlullah d’Astarabad et l’essor du Hurufisme en Azerbaydjan, en Anatolie et en Roumélie”, p. 172; “Les Fondements de l’Alevisme”, in her Au banquet des quarante. Exploration au coeur du Bektachisme-Alevisme, Istanbul: ISIS Press, 2001, p. 19. Nevertheless, one should be careful about Hurufi afifliation of, at least Yeminî for his Fazîlet-nāme, almost the only available source on Yeminî himself, does not includes any indication of Hurufism. See Derviş Muhammed Yeminî, Fazîlet-nâme, ed. Yusuf Tepeli, Ankara: Türk Dil KurumuYayınları, 2002.
548
Каландария – первоначально мистико-аскетическое движение, возникшее под воздействием идей суфийского братства маламатия, затем тарикат бродячих нищенствующих дарвишей. Как говорит Баушани: «Однако, когда он начинался, не предполагалось, что хуруфизм должен быть просто тайной или эзотерической религией, но чтобы он стал также (поспешная амбиция в то время) видимой религиозной организацией с автономными обрядами; была надежда, что он приобретет некоторых правителей в качестве своих приверженцев. Этого ему не удалось, но его учения проникли в самые разные круги, не только в бекташизм, но и в некоторые аспекты персидского суфизма…» Bausani A., “Hurūfiyya” in EI2.
549
Irène Mélikoff, “Les Fondements de l’Alevisme”, pp. 19, 23–24; Hacı Bektaş Efsaneden Gerçeğe, trs. Turan Alptekin, Istanbul: Cumhuriyet Kitapları, 1999, pp. 160–172.
550
For further reading on the doctrinal basis of Hurufism see Gölpınarlı, Hurûfilik Metinleri Kataloğu, pp. 18–24; A. Bausani, “Hurūfiyya”, EI2; Irène Mélikoff, “Fazlullah d’Astarabad et l’essor du Hurufisme en Azerbaydjan, en Anatolie et en Roumélie”, in her Sur les traces du soufisme turc. Recherches sur l’Islam populaire en Anatolie, Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1992, pp. 163–174.
551
Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, “Babaīler Đsyanından Kızılbaşlığa: Anadolu’da Đslâm Heterodoksisinin Doğuş ve Gelişim Tarihine Kısa bir Bakış”, Belleten, LXIV/239, 2000, pp. 142–144.
552
See Algar, “The Hurufi influence on Bektashism”, pp. 50–53
553
For a revision of all the discussions regarding to the foundation of the Ottoman state it might be useful to see Kafadar’s Between Two Worlds. For a good collection of prominent articles dealing with the foundation of the Ottoman state, see Oktay Özel-Mehmet Öz, eds., Söğüt’ten Istanbul’a Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kuruluşu Üzerine Tartışmalar, Ankara: Imge Kitabevi, 2001. For some recent suggestions see Lowry, The Nature of the Early Ottoman State; Rudi Paul Lindner, Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2007.
554
Osman Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye, Đstanbul: Ötüken Yayınları, 2004, pp. 451–457.
555
Halil Inalcık, “The Emergence of Ottomans”, The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. I, eds., P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and B. Lewis, Cambridge, 1970, pp. 263–264.
556
Halil Inalcık, “The Rise of the Turcoman Maritime Principalities in Anatolia, Byzantium, and the Crusades”, in his The Middle East and the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire: Essays on Economy and Society. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1993, p. 325; “The Yürüks”, p. 100. I will return to this issue in the following pages.
557
Fuat Köprülü, The Origins of the Ottoman Empire, translated and edited by Gary Leiser, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992; Paul Wittek, The Rise of The
