Крымская война: история - Орландо Файджес

34

D. Hopwood, The Russian Presence in Palestine and Syria, 1843–1914: Church and Politics in the Near East (Oxford, 1969), p. 29.

35

S. Pavlowitch, Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Serbia, 1837–39 (Paris, 1961), p. 72; B. Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford, 2002), p. 31.

36

F. Bailey, British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement, 1826–1853 (London, 1942), pp. 19–22; D. Ralston, Importing the European Army: The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra-European World, 1600–1914 (Chicago, 1990), pp. 62–3.

37

W. Miller, The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913 (Cambridge, 1913), p. 18.

38

V. Aksan, Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged (London, 2007), p. 49.

39

D. Goldfrank, The Origins of the Crimean War (London, 1995), pp. 41–2.

40

A. Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question: Army, Government and Society, 1815–1833 (Oxford, 2006), pp. 33–4, 101–4; Aksan, Ottoman Wars, pp. 290–96; T. Prousis, Russian Society and the Greek Revolution (De Kalb, Ill., 1994), pp. 31, 50–51.

41

A. Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 2002), vol. 1, pp. 8, 19; L. Vyskochkov, Imperator Nikolai I: Chelovek i gosudar’ (St Petersburg, 2001), p. 141; M. Gershenzon, Epokha Nikolaia I (Moscow, 1911), pp. 21–2.

42

A. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882 (Moscow, 1928–9), pp. 96–7.

43

R. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 1: From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I (Princeton, 1995), p. 382; D. Goldfrank, ‘The Holy Sepulcher and the Origin of the Crimean War’, in E. Lohr and M. Poe (eds.), The Military and Society in Russia: 1450–1917 (Leiden, 2002), pp. 502–3.

44

Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question, pp. 167–76.

45

Ibid., p. 187.

46

Aksan, Ottoman Wars, pp. 346–52.

47

P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 658–60.

48

A. Seaton, The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle (London, 1977), p. 36.

49

Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question, pp. 361–2, 366.

50

FO 97/404, Ponsonby to Palmerston, 7 July 1834; R. Florescu, The Struggle against Russia in the Romanian Principalities 1821–1854 (Monachii, 1962), pp. 135–60.

51

F. Lawson, The Social Origins of the Egyptian Expansionism during the Muhammad Ali Period (New York, 1992), chap. 5; Aksan, Ottoman Wars, pp. 363–7; A. Marmont, The Present State of the Turkish Empire, trans. F. Smith (London, 1839), p. 289.

52

Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question, pp. 468–9.

53

Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina, vol. 1, p. 235.

54

FO 181/114, Palmerston to Ponsonby, 6 Dec. 1833; P. Mosely, Russian Diplomacy and the Opening of the Eastern Question in 1838 and 1839 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934), p. 12; Bailey, British Policy, p. 53.

55

L. Levi, History of British Commerce, 1763–1870 (London, 1870), p. 562; Bailey, British Policy, p. 74; J. Gallagher and R. Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 6/1 (1953); FO 78/240, Ponsonby to Palmerston, 25 Nov. 1834; D. Urquhart, England and Russia (London, 1835), p. 110.

56

B. Kingsley Martin, The Triumph of Lord Palmerston: A Study of Public Opinion in England before the Crimean War (London, 1963), p. 85.

57

J. Gleason, The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), p. 103.

58

Ibid., pp. 211–12, 220.

59

India, Great Britain, and Russia (London, 1838), pp. 1–2.

60

R. Shukla, Britain, India and the Turkish Empire, 1853–1882 (New Delhi, 1973), p. 27.

61

M. Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan (London, 1994), p. 121.

62

J. Pardoe, The City of the Sultan; and Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1836, 2 vols. (London, 1854), vol. 1, p. 32.

63

C. White, Three Years in Constantinople; or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844, 3 vols. (London, 1846), p. 363. See also E. Spencer, Travels in Circassia, Krim-Tartary, &c., including a Steam Voyage down the Danube from Vienna to Constantinople, and round the Black Sea in 1836, 2 vols. (London, 1837).

64

Urquhart, England and Russia, p. 86.

65

S. Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, 2 vols. (London, 1888), vol. 2, p. 17.

66

Ibid., p. 104. On Freemasonry in nineteenth-century Turkey, see the many works of Paul Dumont, including ‘La Turquie dans les archives du Grand Orient de France: Les loges maçonniques d’obédience française à Istanbul du milieu du XIXe siècle à la veille de la Première Guerre Mondiale’, in J.-L. Bacqué-Grammont and P. Dumont (eds.), Économie et société dans l’empire ottoman (fin du XVIIIe siècle — début du XXe siècle) (Paris, 1983), pp. 171–202.

67

A. Cunningham, Eastern Questions in the Nineteenth Century: Collected Essays, 2 vols. (London, 1993), vol. 2, pp. 118–19.

68

B. Abu Manneh,